Valor pronóstico del speckle-tracking bidimensional en pacientes con sospecha de cardiopatía isquémica / Prognostic value of two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in patients with suspected ischemic heart disease

RESUMEN Introducción: El estudio ecocardiográfico mediante speckle-tracking ha emergido como un novedoso método para la evaluación cuantitativa de la función miocárdica y se ha correlacionado con la presencia de enfermedad coronaria. Objetivo: Determinar el valor pronóstico de la deformación miocárdica (strain) por speckle-tracking bidimensional en la evolución de pacientes con sospecha de cardiopatía isquémica. Método: Estudio longitudinal prospectivo analítico con 51 pacientes a los que se realizó ecocardiograma con evaluación de la deformación (strain) longitudinal global por speckle-tracking bidimensional y coronariografía en el CIMEQ entre 2016 y 2018. Se siguieron los eventos cardíacos graves (infarto de miocardio, muerte cardíaca y por otras causas, enfermedad cerebrovascular y necesidad de nueva revascularización). Resultados: El 70,6% de los enfermos resultaron ser del sexo masculino, el 81,4% mayores de 50 años y 81,4%, fumadores. El 65,0% tenía enfermedad coronaria significativa y 55,0% de los casos fueron revascularizados. Se registraron 4 muertes (7,8%) y un infarto no fatal (2,0%). Los pacientes con deformación longitudinal global ≤ -15% (en valores absolutos) tuvieron mayor frecuencia de eventos cardíacos graves (p=0,02). Conclusiones: La deformación longitudinal global medida por speckle-tracking bidimensional no pudo predecir la presencia de enfermedad coronaria, pero sí los eventos cardiovasculares graves en los enfermos con enfermedad coronaria significativa.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography has emerged as a novel method for the quantitative evaluation of myocardial function and it has been correlated with the presence of coronary artery disease. Objective: To determine the prognostic value of myocardial strain by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in the evolution of patients with suspected ischemic heart disease. Method: An analytical prospective longitudinal study was carried out with 51 patients, who underwent global longitudinal strain assessment by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography, and coronary angiography at CIMEQ between 2016 and 2018. Major cardiac adverse events (myocardial infarction, cardiac and non-cardiac cause of death, cerebrovascular disease, and need for new revascularization) were followed. Results: The 70.6% of patients were male, the 81.4% were older than 50 years old, and the 81.4% were smokers. The 65.0% of patients had significant coronary artery disease and the 55.0% underwent myocardial revascularization. There were four deaths (7.8%) and one non-fatal myocardial infarction (2.0%). Patients with global longitudinal strain ≤ -15% (in absolute or modular values) had a higher frequency of major adverse cardiovascular events (p=0.02). Conclusions: Global longitudinal strain by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography could not predict the presence of coronary artery disease, but it did predict major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with significant coronary artery disease.

Myocardial Scintigraphy in the Evaluation of Cardiac Events in Patients without Typical Symptoms / Cintilografia Miocárdica na Avaliação de Eventos Cardíacos em Pacientes sem Sintomas Cardíacos Típicos

AbstractBackground:Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in the world and in Brazil. Myocardial scintigraphy is an important noninvasive method for detecting ischemia in symptomatic patients, but its use in asymptomatic ones or those with atypical symptoms is yet to be defined.Objective:To verify the presence of major cardiac events in asymptomatic patients or those with atypical symptoms (atypical chest pain or dyspnea) that underwent myocardial scintigraphy (MS), over a period of 8 years. Secondary objectives were to identify cardiac risk factors associated with myocardial scintigraphy abnormalities and possible predictors for major cardiac events in this group.Methods:This was a retrospective, observational study using the medical records of 892 patients that underwent myocardial scintigraphy between 2005 and 2011 and who were followed until 2013 for assessment of major cardiac events and risk factors associated with myocardial scintigraphy abnormalities. Statistical analysis was performed by Fisher’s exact test, logistic regression and Kaplan-Meyer survival curves, with statistical significance being set at p ≤ 0.05.Results:Of the total sample, 52.1% were men, 86.9% were hypertensive, 72.4% had hyperlipidemia, 33.6% were diabetic, and 12.2% were smokers; 44.5% had known coronary artery disease; and 70% had high Framingham score, 21.8% had moderate and 8% had low risk. Of the myocardial scintigraphies, 58.6% were normal, 26.1% suggestive of fibrosis and 15.3% suggestive of ischemia. At evolution, 13 patients (1.5%) had non-fatal myocardial infarction and six individuals (0.7%) died. The group with normal myocardial scintigraphy showed longer period of time free of major cardiac events, non-fatal myocardial infarction (p = 0.036) and death. Fibrosis in the myocardial scintigraphy determined a 2.4-fold increased risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction and five-fold higher risk of death (odds ratio: 2.4 and 5.7, respectively; p = 0.043).Conclusion:The occurrence of major cardiac events in 8 years was small. Patients with fibrosis at MS had more major events, whereas patients with normal MS result had fewer major cardiac events, with higher survival.

ResumoFundamento:A doença cardiovascular é uma das principais causas de óbito no Brasil e no mundo. A cintilografia miocárdica tem papel estabelecido na detecção de isquemia de pacientes sintomáticos, mas sua indicação em assintomáticos ou naqueles com sintomas atípicos ainda não está definida.Objetivo:Identificar eventos maiores em pacientes assintomáticos ou com sintomas atípicos (dor torácica atípica ou dispneia) que realizaram cintilografia miocárdica, em até 8 anos. Como objetivos secundários, citamos identificar os fatores de risco associados às alterações na cintilografia miocárdica e os possíveis preditores para eventos maiores nesse grupo.Métodos:Estudo retrospectivo, observacional, por revisão de prontuário, de 892 pacientes que realizaram cintilografia miocárdica entre 2005 e 2011, com seguimento até 2013, para avaliação de eventos maiores e análise dos fatores de risco associados à cintilografia miocárdica alterada. A análise estatística foi realizada por testes de Fisher, regressão logística e curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier, com p significativo se ≤ 0,05.Resultados:Do total dos pacientes da amostra, 52,1% eram homens, 86,9% hipertensos, 72,4% dislipidêmicos, 33,6% diabéticos, e 12,2% tabagistas; 44,5% tinham doença arterial coronária conhecida; e 70% apresentavam escore de Framingham alto, 21,8% moderado e 8% baixo risco. Das cintilografias miocárdicas, 58,6% foram normais; 26,1%, sugestivas de fibrose; e 15,3%, de isquemia. Na evolução, 13 pacientes (1,5%) apresentaram infarto do miocárdio não fatal e 6 pacientes (0,7%) foram a óbito. O grupo com cintilografia miocárdica normal apresentou maior tempo livre de eventos maiores, infarto do miocárdio não fatal (p = 0,036) e morte (p = 0,019). A fibrose determinou risco 2,4 vezes maior de infarto do miocárdio não fatal e cinco vezes maior de morte (odds ratio: 2,4 e 5,7, respectivamente; p = 0,043).Conclusão:A ocorrência de eventos maiores em até 8 anos no grupo estudado foi pequena. Pacientes com fibrose na cintilografia miocárdica apresentaram mais eventos maiores. Pacientes com cintilografia miocárdica normal apresentaram menos eventos maiores, com sobrevida maior.

Betabloqueadores perioperatorios en cirugía no cardiaca: recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia / Preoperative Betablockers in non cardiac surgery: recommendations base don evidence

Introducción: los eventos cardiacos perioperatorios son desórdenes frecuentes y asociados a un incremento de la mortalidad. Los b- bloqueadores se han utilizado para la prevención de estas complicaciones. Objetivo: determinar el valor de la evidencia actual, sobre la eficacia/seguridad del uso perioperatorio de b- bloqueadores en cirugía no cardiaca, para la prevención de complicaciones cardiacas. Métodos: se buscó en MEDLINE, Cochrane Library y CINAHL los ensayos clínicos controlados (2000-actualidad) y los meta-análisis (2008- actualidad) recientes, que evaluaron la eficacia de los b- bloqueadores perioperatorios en cirugía no cardiaca, en términos de eventos cardiacos y eventos adversos. Resultados: los b-bloqueadores perioperatorios disminuyen el riesgo de infarto miocárdico, aunque su eficacia en la reducción de otros eventos cardiacos, la mortalidad cardiaca y la mortalidad general, es contradictoria. Estos resultados dependen del riesgo clínico y quirúrgico de los pacientes incluidos. Con excepción del esmolol, todos los b-bloqueadores estudiados se asocian a un incremento del riesgo de eventos adversos (bradicardia, hipotensión). Conclusiones: la administración perioperatoria de b-bloqueadores ajustados a la frecuencia cardiaca y presión arterial, es razonable en pacientes con riesgo quirúrgico alto, independientemente de la categoría de riesgo clínico. En el resto de los pacientes, se debe considerar su uso, especialmente si se encuentran taquicardicos de manera prolongada. En los pacientes que previamente consumen b- bloqueadores, se debe continuar el tratamiento en el post- operatorio.

Introduction: preoperative cardiac events are frequent disorders associated to the increase of mortality. b- blockers have been used for the prevention of these complications. Objective: determine the value of present evidence about the efficacy/security of the use of b- blockers in the preoperative period in non cardiac surgery for the prevention of cardiac complications. Methods: it was looked up in MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and CINAHL controlled clinical trials (2000-today) and the recent meta- analysis (2008- today) which evaluated the efficacy of preoperative b- blockers in non cardiac surgery, in terms of cardiac events and side events. Results: preoperative b-blockers diminish the risk of myocardial infarction, though the reduction of other cardiac events, the cardiac mortality and mortality in general is contradictory. The results depend on the clinical and surgical risks of the patients included. With the exception of esmolol, all b-blockers studied are associated to an increase of side events risks (bradichardia, hypotension). Conclusion: the preoperative administration of b-blockers adjusted to the hear rate and blood pressure is reasonable in patients with high surgical risk, apart from the category of clinical risk. Its use must be considered in the rest of the patients, especially if they are tachicardic in a prolonged way. In patients who previously takeb- blockers, the treatment must continue Hill the postoperative period.

Riesgo de obesidad en pacients coronarios medicados con antipsicóticos atípicos / Risk for Obesity in Coronary Patients Receiving Atypical Antipsychotics

Introducción: A pesar de que la obesidad es un evento adverso frecuente en el tratamiento con antipsicóticos atípico, no ha sido suficientemente elucidado el grado de su contribución independiente al riesgo de enfermedad coronaria en estos pacientes. Objetivo: Determinar si la obesidad inducida por antipsicóticos de segunda generación o atípicos es un factor de riesgo independiente para el aumento de incidencia de enfermedad arterial coronaria y eventos cardíacos. Método: Se utilizó un modelo similar al usado en el estudio de Framingham basado en estimar los siguientes parámetros: edad, género, presión arterial, consumo de cigarrillo y niveles de lipoproteínas de colesterol de alta densidad, con el objetivo de determinar el riesgo prospectivo de padecer enfermedad arterial coronaria en aquellos pacientes tratados con antipsicóticos atípicos que cursaban un cuadro de obesidad (N=33; edad media 38.1, 54 % hombres) comparados con aquellos con peso normal (N=33; edad media 39.9 años, 47.0 % hombres). Se excluyeron aquellos pacientes con síndrome metabólico, medicados con drogas antihipertensivas, hipoglucemiantes o estatinas. Resultados: El riesgo de enfermedad arterial coronaria fue mayor para la muestra de pacientes obesos comparado con la muestra de pacientes con peso normal (5.3±2.7 vs. 2.1±0.62, RR=2.17 IC 95%=1.94-2.39; p=0.017), incluyendo un aumento de 12 unidades de IMC (p<0.0001) y 16 cm de circunferencia de cintura mayor (p<0.0001) en la población con obesidad inducida por antipsicóticos atípicos. El riesgo fue mayor para hombres (5.9±2.9 vs. 2.8±0.4, RR=2.98, IC 95%=1.97-3.16; p=0.0034) comparados con las mujeres (3.1±1.2 vs. 1.2±0.5; RR=1.78, IC 95 %=1.58-1.94; p=0.011). Limitaciones: la validez predictiva para el riesgo de enfermedad coronaria en pacientes psiquiátricos basada en el sistema de clasificación de Framingham requiere una confirmación prospectiva...

Obesity is an adverse effect frequently observed during second generation antipsychotics treatment. In spite of that, its independent contribution to coronary artery disease in patients treated with this class of drugs remains unsolved. Objective: assess whether antipsychotics induced obesity is an independent risk factor contributing to an increase in cardiac events and coronary artery disease. Methods: a similar model to that used in Framingham Study was used based on an estimate of following parameters: age, gender, blood pressure, cigarette use, high density cholesterol lipoproteins levels with the goal of estimate prospective risk of suffering coronary artery disease between those patients treated with second generation antipsychotics which also had obesity (N=33; average age 38.1 years, 54% men) compared with those on normal weight (N=33; average age 39.9 years, 47.0% men). Excluded were those patients with metablic Syndrome treated with antihypertensive drugs, hypoglycemic drugs and statins. Results: risk of coronary artery diseases was higher for obese patients compared with normal wight ones (5.3 ±2.7 vs. 2.1±0.62, RR=2.17 IC 95%=1.94 - 2.39; p=0.017), including an increase of 12 units in BMI (p<0.0001) and 16 cm in abdominal waist (p<0.0001) in antipsychotic drugs induced obesity sample...

Revascularización coronaria incompleta y eventos cardíacos posteriores a intervencionismo coronario percutáneo / Incomplete coronary revascularization and cardiac events following percutaneous coronary intervention

No hay datos concluyentes para evaluar la ventaja de la revascularización coronaria completa en el intervencionismo coronario percutáneo. Objetivo general: determinar si la revascularización incompleta se asocia con la incidencia de eventos cardíacos posteriores al intervencionismo coronario percutáneo. Métodos: se realizó una investigación observacional prospectiva con 192 pacientes con enfermedad coronaria multivaso, sin antecedentes de revascularización coronaria, tratados mediante intervencionismo coronario percutáneo con implantes de stents en el Instituto de Cardiología desde el 1 de enero del 2003 hasta el 31 de diciembre del 2005. Análisis estadístico: para determinar la asociación de la revascularización incompleta con eventos cardíacos se calculó el riesgo relativo. Resultados: al analizar la asociación de la revascularización incompleta con los eventos clínicos y los procederes cardíacos posteriores al intervencionismo coronario percutáneo, no se obtuvo relación alguna. Conclusiones: la revascularización coronaria incompleta no se asocia con mayor incidencia de eventos cardíacos posteriores a un intervencionismo coronario percutáneo con implantes de stents convencionales

No conclusive data are available to evaluate the advantages of complete coronary revascularization in percutaneous coronary intervention. General objective: Determine whether incomplete revascularization is associated with the incidence of cardiac events following percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted with 192 patients with multivessel coronary disease and no history of coronary revascularization, treated by percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation at the Institute of Cardiology from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2005. Statistical analysis: Relative risk was estimated to determine the association of incomplete revascularization with cardiac events. Results: On analyzing the association of incomplete revascularization with clinical events and cardiac procedures following percutaneous coronary intervention, no relation was obtained. Conclusions: Incomplete coronary revascularization is not associated with a higher incidence of cardiac events following percutaneous coronary intervention with conventional stent implantation